Axial Axis Metastasis / Metástase do eixo axial

Abstract Axial axis metastasis remains a challenge for surgical as well as other treatment modalities, like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. It is unequivocal that surgery provides pain improvements and preservation of neurological status, but this condition remains when associated with radiotherapy and other treatment modalities. In this review, we emphasize the current forms of surgical treatment in the different regions of the spine and pelvis. The evident possibility of percutaneous treatments is related to early or late cases, and in cases in which there are greater risks and instability to conventional surgeries associated with radiotherapy and have been shown to be the appropriate option for local control of metastatic disease.

Resumo As metástases no eixo axial permanecem um desafio para o tratamento cirúrgico bem como para outras modalidades, como quimioterapia, imunoterapia e radioterapia. É inequívoco que a cirurgia proporciona melhorias na dor e na preservação do status neurológico; porém, há permanência desta condição quando associada à radioterapia e a outras modalidades de tratamento. Nesta revisão damos ênfase às formas de tratamento cirúrgico atuais nas diferentes regiões da coluna vertebral e pelve. A evidente possibilidade de tratamentos percutâneos está relacionada a casos iniciais ou tardios, bem como a casos em que há maiores riscos e instabilidade às cirurgias convencionais associadas à radioterapia, e tem se mostrado a opção adequada para o controle local da doença metastática.

Recognition of empty pelvic syndrome and its prevention and treatment / 中华胃肠外科杂志

With the development of existing surgical techniques, equipment and treatment concepts, more and more medical centers begin to carry out extensive resection for recurrent pelvic malignant tumors or those with multivisceral invasion. Exenteration may facilitate curative resection and improve the outcome of the patients. Therefore, pelvic exenteration has gradually become the standard of care for locally advanced pelvic malignancies. At present, pelvic exenteration leads to high intraoperative and postoperative complications and mortality, and therefore compromise the safety and long-term quality of life. Cumulating evidences suggest remnant cavity after exenteration might trigger the pathophysiological process and cause downstream complications which can be defined as empty pelvis syndrome. The literature related to empty pelvic syndrome was summarized, the possible cause of empty pelvic syndrome was analyzed. After the pelvic exenteration, the closed pelvic residual cavity formed continuous negative pressure with the gradual absorption of air in the cavity, bacterial propagation, and accumulation of fluid, which had an impact on the distribution of organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavity. At the same time, whether physical processes also play a role in the occurrence of empty pelvic syndrome remains to be explored. It is concluded that the diagnosis is mainly based on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations and radiological findings, and the history of pelvic exenteration is the most important indicator in the diagnosis. In terms of prevention measures, we should identify the high-risk groups of the occurrence of empty pelvic syndrome, and then take accurate and individualized preventive measures. Various new biomaterials have more advantages in preventive pelvic cavity filling than traditional human tissue filling. Mesentery plays an important role in the morphology, peristalsis and arrangement of the small intestine. More attention should be paid to reducing the ectopic placement of the small intestine into the pelvic cavity by protecting the mesentery structure and restoring or rebuilding the mesentery morphology. In terms of treatment measures, there is still a lack of standard treatment pathway for empty pelvic syndrome.

Difficulties and challenges of pelvic exenteration in locally advanced rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

In recent years, with advances in pelvic oncology and surgical techniques, surgeons have redefined the boundaries of pelvic surgery. Combined pelvic exenteration is now considered the treatment of choice for some patients with locally advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer, but it is only performed in a few hospitals in China due to the complexity of the procedure and the large extent of resection, complications, and high perioperative mortality. Although there have been great advances in oncologic drugs and surgical techniques and equipment in recent years, there are still many controversies and challenges in the preoperative assessment of combined pelvic organ resection, neoadjuvant treatment selection and perioperative treatment strategies. Adequate understanding of the anatomical features of the pelvic organs, close collaboration of the clinical multidisciplinary team, objective assessment and standardized preoperative combination therapy creates the conditions for radical surgical resection of recurrent and complex locally advanced rectal cancer, while the need for rational and standardized R0 resection still has the potential to bring new hope to patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer.

Eficácia, segurança e tolerabilidade da Enoxaparina para prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso nas cirurgias eletivas de abdome, pelve e varizes: revisão rápida de evidências / Seffectiveness,safety and tolerability of Enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective surgery of the abdomen, pelvis and varices: quick evidence review

Tecnologia: Enoxaparina comparada à profilaxia mecânica e/ou outros medicamentos disponíveis ou não no SUS. Indicação: Profilaxia de Tromboembolismo Venoso (TEV) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de abdome, pelve e varizes. Pergunta: Há superioridade em eficácia e segurança da enoxaparina (heparina de baixo peso molecular - HBPM) comparada à profilaxia mecânica e a outros medicamentos disponíveis ou não no SUS para prevenção de TEV em pacientes acima de 18 anos, não gestantes, em pós-operatório de cirurgias eletivas de abdome, pelve e varizes? Métodos: Revisão rápida de evidências (overview) de revisões sistemáticas, com levantamento bibliográfico realizado na base de dados PUBMED, utilizando estratégia estruturada de busca. A qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada com AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews). Resultados: Foram selecionadas quatro e incluídas duas revisões sistemáticas com metanálise. Conclusão: HBPM no pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal e pelve reduziu a incidência de TEV geral e TEV sintomático, sem aumentar risco de sangramento e mortalidade. Nas cirurgias de veias varicosas, foi observado uma redução de todos os eventos trombóticos e risco de TVP, sem aumentar risco de sangramento

Technology: Enoxaparin compared to mechanical prophylaxis and/or other drugs available or not in the SUS. Indication: Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing surgery of the abdomen, pelvis and varicose veins. Question: There is superiority in efficacy and safety of enoxaparin, compared to mechanical prophylaxis and other drugs available or not in the SUS, for the prevention of VTE for patients over 18 years old, non-pregnant in the postoperative period of elective surgeries of the abdomen, pelvis and varicose veins? Methods: Rapid review of evidence (overview) from systematic reviews, with a bibliographic search in the PUBMED database, using a structured strategy. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed with AMSTAR-2 (Methodological Quality Assessment of Systematic Reviews). Results: Four were selected and two systematic reviews with meta-analysis were included. Conclusion: LMWH in the postoperative period of abdominal and pelvic surgery reduced the incidence of general VTE and symptomatic VTE, without increasing the risk of bleeding and mortality. In varicose vein surgeries, a reduction in all thrombotic events and risk of DVT was observed, without increasing the risk of bleeding

Tumor mesenquimático fosfatúrico de pelvis: abordaje multidisciplinario / Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor of the pelvis: A multidisciplinary approach

El tumor mesenquimático fosfatúrico es una entidad clinicopatológica sumamente infrecuente. Además de provocar dolor óseo insidioso y polimialgias, se acompaña de alteraciones del metabolismo fosfocálcico de difícil manejo clínico. El abordaje multidisciplinario resulta la clave del éxito en esta enfermedad. Presentamos una paciente de 52 años de edad con antecedente de tumor mesenquimático fosfatúrico en la hemipelvis derecha con extensión a la cadera homolateral de 10 años de evolución. Clínicamente presentaba osteomalacia oncogénica (hipofosfatemia e hiperfosfaturia) que no se corregía, pese a un agente de última generación, el burosumab, un inhibidor del factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 23, que aumenta la reabsorción tubular renal de fosfatos. En un comité multidisciplinario, se decidió la resección con márgenes oncológicos y se logró una mejoría clínica franca. Comunicamos este caso, debido a que es un cuadro infrecuente. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) is an infrequent clinicopathological entity. It presents insidious bone pain and polymyalgia, accompanied by alterations in calcium and phosphorus metabolism that are difficult to resolve clinically. A multidisciplinary approach is a key to success in this pathology. We present the case of a 52-year-old female patient with a 10-year history of PMT in the right hemipelvis with ipsilateral hip extension. From the clinical point of view, she presented oncogenic osteomalacia (hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia) that did not correct despite being administered the latest generation medication, burosumab, an FGF-23 inhibitor that increases renal tubular phosphate reabsorption. Resection with oncological margins was decided by a multidisciplinary committee resolving her clinical condition. Due to the rarity of this pathology, we decided to report the case. Level of Evidence: IV

Characteristics of "difficult pelvis" in radical operation for mid-low rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

In the radical resection of mid-low rectal cancer, due to the narrow pelvic space and thick mesorectum, it is difficult to expose the operation field. In recent years, with the development of laparoscopic surgery and surgical instruments, the surgeons' requirements for precise anatomical planes, neuroprotection, and functional preservation have become higher and higher. Colorectal surgeons will face more "difficult pelvic" challenges during surgery. Therefore, this article reviews the related research progress of "difficult pelvis" in radical resection of rectal cancer, analyzes the possible anatomical factors leading to the occurrence of "difficult pelvis", and explains the clinical significance of the researches on "difficult pelvis".

Current research status on pelvic autonomic nerve monitoring in rectal cancer surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Rectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, and surgery is the main treatment strategy. Disorders of bowel, anorectal and urogenital function remain common problems after total mesorectal resection (TME), which seriously decreases the quality of life of patients. Surgical nerve damage is one of the main causes of the complications, while TME with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation is an effective way to reduce the occurrence of adverse outcomes. Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) is a promising method to assist the surgeon to identify and protect the pelvic autonomic nerves. Nevertheless, the monitoring methods and technical standards vary, and the clinical use of IONM is still limited. This review aims to summarize the researches on IONM in rectal and pelvic surgery. The electrical nerve stimulation technique and different methods of IONM in rectal cancer surgery are introduced. Also, the authors discuss the limitations of current researches, including methodological disunity and lack of equipment, then prospect the future direction in this field.

Lesiones traumáticas de pelvis / Traumatic Pelvic Injuries

Introducción: El tratamiento del traumatismo pélvico es uno de los más complejos en la atención al trauma. La tasa de mortalidad es alta. Objetivo: Examinar los criterios actuales acerca de las lesiones traumáticas de pelvis y las posibles estrategias existentes para su tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados en la base de datos PubMed entre los años 2011-2020. Se excluyeron trabajos porque estaban duplicados o los datos de origen eran insuficientes. Resultados: Se analizaron los mecanismos de las lesiones, su fisiopatología, principios y pilares de la atención médica y recomendaciones para el uso de herramientas de diagnóstico en el trauma, entre otras. Las complicaciones se presentan en pacientes con trauma pélvico abierto que pueden tener secuelas crónicas como incontinencia fecal y urinaria, impotencia, dispareunia, discapacidad residual en las funciones físicas, absceso perineal y pélvico, dolor crónico y complicaciones vasculares como embolia o trombosis. La mayoría de las muertes (44,7 por ciento) ocurren el día del trauma. Un enfoque multidisciplinario en la atención a las lesiones traumáticas de pelvis, contribuye a una mejora en el rendimiento y en los resultados de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico son consecuencia de accidentes de alta energía y constituyen una de las lesiones de mayor gravedad a las que está expuesto el ser humano. La posibilidad de inestabilidad mecánica asociada a alteraciones hemodinámicas obliga a la adopción de protocolos de actuación inmediata, para evitar la elevada mortalidad que se asocia a estas lesiones(AU)

Introduction: The treatment of pelvic trauma is one of the most complex in trauma care. Mortality rate is high. Objective: To examine the current criteria about traumatic pelvic injuries and the possible existing strategies for their treatment. Methods: A search was carried out for articles published in PubMed database from 2011 to 2020. Works that were duplicated or had insufficient source data were excluded. Results: We analyzed injury mechanisms, pathophysiology, classifications, principles and pillars of medical care, and recommendations for the use of diagnostic tools in pelvic trauma, among others. Complications with functional limitations occur in patients with open pelvic trauma who may have chronic sequelae such as fecal and urinary incontinence, impotence, dyspareunia, residual disability in physical functions, perineal and pelvic abscess, chronic pain, and vascular complications such as embolism or thrombosis. Most deaths (44.7 percent) occur on the day of the trauma. A multidisciplinary approach to treating traumatic pelvic injuries contributes to improved performance and patient outcomes. Conclusions: Traumatic injuries to the pelvic ring are the consequence of high-energy accidents and constitute one of the most serious injuries to which humans are exposed. The possibility of mechanical instability associated with hemodynamic alterations requires the adoption of protocols for immediate action, to avoid the high mortality associated with these injuries(AU)

Comportamiento de las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico / Behavior of the traumatic lesions of the pelvic ring

RESUMEN Introducción: las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico constituyen un desafío para los cirujanos ortopedistas por su alta morbimortalidad y las consecuencias que de ellas derivan. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de variables demográficas y clínicas en los pacientes atendidos por lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico en el Hospital Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de Matanzas Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes ingresados en el servicio de ortopedia y traumatología por presentar lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico en dicho centro en el período comprendido de enero del 2009 a enero del 2019. Se seleccionaron variables demográficas y clínicas Resultados: el estudio incluyó a 48 pacientes. Predominó el sexo masculino 29 pacientes para un 60,4%, la edad de mayor frecuencia estuvo entre 31 a 50 años. Predominaron las fracturas tipo B con 24 pacientes para 50% y el tratamiento quirúrgico con 27 pacientes para 56,2%, dentro de las complicaciones inmediatas predominó el shock hipovolémico en 14 pacientes para 29.1%, en las tardías la sepsis superficial con 6 pacientes, 12.5%. Conclusiones: las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico siempre deben ser tratadas como lesiones graves, por lo que deben ser valoradas de forma multidisciplinaria y apegados a protocolos de actuación, y con especialistas de alta experiencia profesional (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: pelvic ring traumatic lesions are a challenge for orthopedic surgeons due to their high morbi-mortality and the consequences derived from them. Objective: to describe the behavior of clinical and demographic variables in patients cared due to pelvic ring traumatic lesions in the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez" of Matanzas. Method: a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal research was carried out in patients admitted to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of the before-named hospital for presenting pelvic ring traumatic lesions in the period from January 2009 until January 2019. Clinical and demographic variables were chosen. Results: the study included 48 patients. Male sex predominated, 29 patients, 60.4 %; the most frequent age ranged between 31 and 50 years. Type B fractures predominated with 24 patients and 50 %; surgical treatment also predominated with 27 patients and 56.2 %; among the immediate complications, hypovolemic shock predominated in 14 patients for 29.1 %; among the late ones, surface sepsis predominated with 6 patients, 12.5 %. Conclusions: pelvic ring traumatic lesions should be always treated like serious lesions; therefore they should be evaluated in a multidiscipline way, adhered to the intervention protocols, and by highly experienced professionals (AU).

Anatomy research on Denonvilliers fascia and its significance in nerve-preservation rectal cancer surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Urinary and sexual dysfunctions due to intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve injury have become the most common complications of rectal cancer surgery, seriously affecting postoperative quality of life. How to protect the nerve and urogenital function while ensuring radical resection for rectal cancer has become the focus of research. We previously carried out a series of systematic studies on Denonvilliers fascia, an important anatomical structure closely related to protection of pelvic autonomic nerve, and demonstrated the importance of Denonvilliers fascia in preservation of intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve and protection of postoperative urogenital function from aspects of anatomy, physiology, tissue, operation practice and so on. Meanwhile, based on the interim results of our multicenter randomized controlled study, we confirmed that total mesorectal excision with preservation of Denonvilliers fascia (innovative TME, iTME) could effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative urinary and sexual dysfunctions in male patients with mid-low rectal cancer, without sacrificing oncologic outcome. In this article, combined with our research results, we review the literature on anatomy research progress of Denonvilliers fascia to demonstrate the significance and research prospect of Denonvilliers fascia in the pelvic autonomic nerve preservation surgery for rectal cancer.

Significance of the intact of the fascia propria in protection of pelvic plexus during total mesorectal excision / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the gold standard of surgical treatment for mid and low rectal cancer. It aims to improve the oncological outcomes as well as preserve anal sphincter, sexual and urinary function. Compared with sympathetic nerve injury alone, pelvic plexus and neurovascular bundle (NVB) injury has significant effect on postoperative sexual dysfunction, especially erectile function. Since the lateral surgical plane of TME is narrow and densely packed, dissecting outside the plane causes pelvic plexus injury, while dissecting inside it results in residual mesorectum. In this commentary, we review the research progress of lateral fascial anatomy of TME, and describe the anatomical characteristics of rectosacral fascia based on our previous research results. The prehypogastric fascia acts as a "fascia barrier" when dissecting the lateral space constantly from posterior to anterior. In addition, the pelvic plexus fuses with the prehypogastric fascia which is considered as the outer side layer of rectosacral fascia laterally. Thus, the rectosacral fascia should be dissected at the level of S4 vertebral body posterior to the rectum in an arc shape and then enter the superior-levator space. Before dissecting the lateral spaces, the anterior space of the rectum should be dissected first. After an "U" shape cutting of the Denonvilliers' fascia, the lateral space should be dissected from anterior to posterior. Finally, the lateral attachment of rectosacral fascia is transected to ensure the integrity of the mesorectum without damaging the pelvic plexus.

Papel de la linfadenectomía paraaórtica inframesentérica durante la histerectomía radical en pacientes con cáncer cervical estadio IB1 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Bogotá, Colombia / Role of inframesenteric para-aortic lymphadenectomy during radical hysterectomy in patients with IB1 cervical cancer in Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Bogota, Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer cervical es una patología común en países en vías de desarrollo. La histerectomía radical es el estándar de manejo en estadios tempranos sin deseo de fertilidad. La linfadenectomía paraaórtica como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico es controversial. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la frecuencia de compromiso ganglionar paraaórtico en una serie retrospectiva de pacientes con carcinoma cervical estadio IB1 (clasificación FIGO 2009) llevadas a histerectomía radical mas linfadenectomía pélvica y paraaórtica en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante el periodo de enero 1 de 2009 a marzo 31 de 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se describieron variables clínicas, operatorias e histopatológicas. Se determinó la frecuencia de compromiso ganglionar a nivel paraaórtico o pélvico, y concurrente. Se realizó análisis univariado en el software estadístico R Project versión 3.6.0. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 88 casos. El promedio de edad fue 44,24 ± 9,99 años. La mediana del número de ganglios pélvicos y paraaórticos resecados fue de 23 (6-68) y 4 (1-25), respectivamente. En el 12,5% de las pacientes se observó compromiso tumoral ganglionar pélvico. No se detectó compromiso metastásico de ganglios paraórticos en ningún caso. Dos pacientes presentaron recaída ganglionar paraaórtica durante el seguimiento, recibiendo tratamiento con quimioterapia y quimiorradioterapia de campo extendido, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: En este estudio no se detectó compromiso paraaórtico en pacientes con cáncer cervical IB1 sometidas a histerectomía radical. Este resultado se debe considerar al ofrecer linfadenectomía paraaórtica en pacientes con ganglios pélvicos aparentemente normales en el acto operatorio y/o en los estudios de imágenes prequirúrgicas.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is a common pathology in developing countries. Radical hysterectomy is the standard of management in early stages without desire for fertility. Paraaortic lymphadenectomy as part of surgical treatment is controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of paraaortic lymph node involvement in a retrospective series of patients with stage IB1 cervical carcinoma (FIGO 2009 classification) underwent to radical hysterectomy plus pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia during the period of January 1 2009 to March 31 2017. METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study. Clinical, operative, and histopathological variables were described. The frequency of paraaortic, pelvic, concurrent lymph node involvement and adjuvant treatment was determined. A univariate analysis of the variables was performed in the R project statistical software version 3.6.0. RESULTS: 88 cases were included. The mean age was 44,24 ± 9,99 years. The median number of resected pelvic and para-aortic nodes was 23 (6-68) and 4 (1-25), respectively. In 12,5 % of the patients, involvement of the pelvic lymph nodes was present. No patient had paraaortic lymph node involvement. Two patients presented para-aortic lymph node relapse during follow-up, receiving treatment with chemotherapy and extended field chemoradiotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, the frequency of paraaortic involvement in patients with cervical cancer IB1 was 0%. This result should be considered when offering paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with apparently normal pelvic nodes in presurgical imaging studies and during the procedure.

Protocolo de embolizacion arterial como parte del control de la hemorragia por fractura pélvica: serie de casos en un centro de referencia de trauma / Arterial embolization protocol as control of pelvic fracture hemorrhage: case series in a trauma reference center

Introducción Las fracturas pélvicas se asocian a sangrado arterial y/o venoso, ocasionando mortalidad elevada. El objetivo del estudio es diseñar, implementar y evaluar un protocolo para el tratamiento de fracturas pélvicas Materiales y métodos estudio prospectivo observacional, de pacientes con fractura pélvica que ingresaron a la clínica Medical. Variables: edad, sexo, arteria comprometida, lesión unilateral o bilateral, tipo de fractura pélvica (clasificación de Tile), indicación de la arteriografía, acceso uni o bilateral, éxito angiográfico, complicaciones del procedimiento, lesiones asociadas, mortalidad a 30 días, mecanismo de trauma, días de estancia en cuidado intensivo. Resultados 56 pacientes con fractura pélvica, 17 pacientes se llevaron a arteriografía pélvica por sospecha de sangrado, 14 pacientes tenían sangrado arterial, promedio de 36 años, las arterias más comúnmente lesionadas fueron la arteria hipogástrica, arteria sacra lateral y la arteria obturatriz. la mayoría de sangrados se asociaron a fracturas tipo C, las lesiones asociadas se encontraron en un 34% de casos, la indicación de la arteriografía fue inestabilidad hemodinámica al momento del ingreso, el control del sangrado se logró en el 86% de casos, la punción fue única en el 100% de casos, se requirió empaquetamiento pélvico 12% de casos. Discusión El trauma pélvico asociado a accidentes de motocicleta es común, el manejo multidisciplinario y la oportuna intervención del cirujano vascular es decisiva para el diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de las lesiones vasculares pélvicas; la realización de un protocolo de manejo con un algoritmo de embolización mostró ser efectivo y seguro para el control del sangrado pélvico. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Background Pelvic fractures are frequently associated with arterial and / or venous bleeding, leading to high mortality (10 and 50%). Aim of study is to show our experience, based on an institutional protocol developed for the management of the patient with major pelvic trauma. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study for a 3 years period of time. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, artery involved, unilateral or bilateral lesion, type of pelvic fracture (Tile classification), indication of arteriography, unilateral or bilateral access, angiographic success, complications of the procedure, associated injuries, mortality at 30 days, trauma mechanism, days of stay in ICU and floor. Results We found 56 patients with pelvic fracture, 17 patients were taken to pelvic arteriography due to suspected bleeding, 14 patients had arterial bleeding, with an average age of 36 years, the arteries most commonly injured were the hypogastric artery, lateral sacral artery and the obturator artery, 50% of cases the bleeding was bilateral, the majority of bleeds were associated with type C fractures, associated lesions were found in 34% of cases, the indication of arteriography was hemodynamic instability at the time of admission, control of bleeding was achieved in 86% of cases (n: 15), the puncture was unique in 100% of cases (n: N: 14), pelvic packing was required in 2 patients (12%) Discussion Pelvic embolization for pelvic fracture is a safe and feasible procedure. A multidisciplinary approach and a high suspicion of pelvic arterial injury must be always in mind. Mortality in our trial was very low comparative with previous reports. Evidence Level: III

Presentación atípica de sinovitis villonodular pigmentada de la articulación coxofemoral. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Unusual presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip joint: case report and review of the literature

Resumen: Introducción: La sinovitis villonodular pigmentada (SNVP) es una entidad clínica poco frecuente, con un incidencia mayor en las mujeres (3:1) y una edad de presentación entre los 20 y 40 años. La cadera es un sitio poco común de ocurrencia, estando involucrada en tan solo 15% de todos los casos. Reporte de caso: Masculino de 47 años con cuadro de 10 años de evolución caracterizado por limitación de los arcos de movilidad, dolor asociado a aumento de volumen y acortamiento del miembro pélvico; los estudios de imagen mostraron destrucción de la articulación coxofemoral y extensión a la pelvis; el reporte histopatológico describió sinovitis villonodular pigmentada. Fue manejado con hemipelvectomía externa izquierda. Discusión: La presentación de la sinovitis villonodular pigmentada difusa en la cadera tiene una incidencia baja y comportamiento localmente agresivo. Es necesario tener en cuenta diagnósticos diferenciales que incluyan neoplasias malignas. El estándar de tratamiento es quirúrgico.

Abstract: Introduction: Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare clinical entity with higher incidence in women (3:1) and an age of presentation between 20 and 40 years. The hip is a rare site of appearance, being involved in only 15% of all cases. Case report: 47-year-old male with 10 years of evolution characterized by a limited range of motion, pain associated with an increase in volume and shortening of the pelvic limb. Imaging studies showed destruction of the hip joint and extension to the pelvis. The histopathology report described pigmented villonodular synovitis. His final treatment was left hemipelvectomy. Discussion: The presentation of the diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip has a lower incidence and a locally aggressive behavior. It is necessary to consider differential diagnoses that include malignant neoplasms. The standard treatment is surgical.

Does MRI help in the pre - operative evaluation of pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect? - a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objectives To study the usefulness of MRI in preoperative evaluation of PFUDD. Can MRI provide additional information on urethral distraction defect (UDD) and cause of erectile dysfunction (ED)? Materials and Methods In this prospective study, consecutive male patients presenting with PFUDD were included from Feb 2011 till Dec 2012. Those with traumatic spinal cord injury and pre-existing ED were excluded. Patients were assessed using IIEF questionnaire, retrograde urethrogram and micturating cystourethrogram (RGU+MCU) and MRI pelvis. Primary end point was erectile function and secondary end point was surgical outcome. Results Twenty patients were included in this study. Fourteen patients (70%) were ≤40years; fifteen patients (75%) had ED, seven patients (35%) had severe ED. MRI findings associated with ED were longer median UDD (23mm vs. 15mm, p=0.07), cavernosal injury (100%, p=0.53), rectal injury (100%, p=0.53), retropubic scarring (60%, p=0.62) and prostatic displacement (60%, p=0.99). Twelve patients (60%) had a good surgical outcome, five (25%) had an acceptable outcome, three (15%) had a poor outcome. Poor surgical outcome was associated with rectal injury (66.7%, p=0.08), cavernosal injury (25%, p=0.19), retropubic scarring (18.1%, p=0.99) and prostatic displacement (16.7%, p=0.99). Five patients with normal erections had good surgical outcome. Three patients with ED had poor outcome (20%, p=0.20). Conclusions MRI did not offer significant advantage over MCU in the subgroup of men with normal erections. Cavernosal injury noted on MRI strongly correlated with ED. Role of MRI may be limited to the subgroup with ED or an inconclusive MCU.

Colpocleisis como opción para corregir los prolapsos de la cúpula vaginal / Colpocleisis as option to correct vaginal vault prolapse

Introducción: el prolapso de cúpula vaginal permanece como un problema bien definido y difícil en el terreno de cirugía reconstructiva de la pelvis y se consideran cada vez más las opciones mínimamente invasivas y seguras para su solución. Objetivo: caracterizar a un grupo de pacientes con prolapso de cúpula vaginal tratadas por cirugía. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo retrospectivo con los registros de las historias clínicas de 70 pacientes operadas con ese diagnóstico en el Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Ramón González Coro desde junio de 2003 hasta diciembre de 2012. Se obtuvo datos en relación con variables de orden clínico, detalles quirúrgicos y eventos evolutivos. La información procedió de modelos de encuestas, historias clínicas y libro de registros de cirugías. Resultados: son alentadores con pocas recidivas y constituye una propuesta alternativa exitosa y de poco riesgo, aplicable en nuestro medio siempre que se respeten los criterios individualizados. Conclusiones: la corrección quirúrgica del prolapso de cúpula vaginal resulta un proceder efectivo y es avalada por el elevado grado de satisfacción de pacientes curadas o mejoradas, por lo que recomendamos la incorporación de estas técnicas. Su uso es cada vez más extendido y el necesario adiestramiento del personal para su ejecución(AU)

Introduction: vaginal vault prolapse continues to be a difficult though well defined problem in reconstructive pelvic surgery. Minimally invasive and safe options are increasingly considered for its solution. Objective: characterize a group of patients with vaginal vault prolapse treated by surgery. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted of the medical records of 70 patients diagnosed with this condition at the Gynecology Service of Ramón González Coro Hospital from June 2003 to December 2012. Data about clinical, surgical and evolution variables were obtained from surveys, the patients' medical records and the hospital's surgery registry. Results: results are encouraging due to the small number of recurrences. The procedure is a successful, safe alternative applicable in our environment as long as individualized criteria are abided by. Conclusions: surgical correction of vaginal vault prolapse is an effective procedure endorsed by the high level of satisfaction among healed or alleviated patients. We therefore recommend the inclusion of such techniques, whose increasingly common use requires the training of the personnel who will perform them(AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de los tumores primarios malignos de pelvis de la zona II de Enneking / Surgical treatment of malignant primary tumors of the pelvis on Enneking's zone II

Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico de los tumores óseos malignos de pelvis con afectación periacetabular está en continua evolución. Las reconstrucciones acetabulares mejoran la calidad de vida sin perjudicar el control oncológico; sin embargo, no están exentas de complicaciones. Nuestro objetivo es describir los resultados funcionales y las complicaciones quirúrgicas de diferentes técnicas reconstructivas de la zona II de Enneking. Material y métodos: 15 pacientes fueron intervenidos de tumores óseos malignos de pelvis entre 2002 y 2012. Según la clasificación de Enneking y Dunham, hubo siete individuos con afectación periacetabular: tipo II-3, tipo I + II-1, tipo II + III-2, tipo I + II + III-1, que se evaluaron retrospectivamente. Cinco presentaron un condrosarcoma convencional y dos un osteosarcoma. Cuatro eran varones y tres mujeres, con una edad media de 43 años. El seguimiento mínimo fue 12 meses (6.14 años de media). En todos se realizó una resección oncológica con reconstrucción periacetabular: aloinjerto osteocondral masivo en tres sujetos, aloinjerto estructural más artroplastía de cadera en dos personas y dos con prótesis de anclaje ilíaco. Fueron evaluados clínica, radiológica y funcionalmente mediante la escala MSTS (1993). Resultados: La media MSTS a los seis meses de la cirugía fue 20.71 (69%). Complicaciones quirúrgicas aparecieron en cinco casos (71.4%): dos luxaciones de cabeza femoral nativa sobre aloinjerto, una desimplantación protésica aséptica y dos infecciones profundas. Hubo bordes libres intraoperatorios en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Las reconstrucciones acetabulares después de resecciones oncológicas en tumores óseos malignos parecen ofrecer buenos resultados funcionales. Sin embargo, sólo casos seleccionados deberían ser sometidos a intervenciones con alta tasa de complicaciones.

Abstract: Introduction: Surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors of the pelvis with periacetabular involvement is constantly evolving. Even though acetabular reconstructions improve quality of life without impairing cancer control, they are not complication free. Our purpose is to describe the functional outcomes and surgical complications of different reconstructive techniques for Enneking zone II tumors. Material and methods: Fifteen patients underwent surgery for malignant pelvic bone tumors between 2002 and 2012. Seven patients were retrospectively evaluated according to the Enneking and Dunham classification and were found to have periacetabular involvement, as follows: 3 were type II; 1 types I + II; 2 types II + III, and one types I + II + III. Five patients had a standard chondrosarcoma and 2 osteosarcoma. Patients included 4 males and 3 females; mean age was 43 years. The minimum follow-up period was 12 months (mean 6.14 years). All of them underwent cancer resection with periacetabular reconstruction: massive osteochondral allograft in 3 patients, structural allograft and hip arthroplasty in 2 patients, and prosthesis with iliac anchoring in 2. They were clinically, radiologically and functionally evaluated with the MSTS scale (1993). Results: The mean MSTS score 6 months after surgery was 20.71 (69%). Five patients (71.4%) had surgical complications: 2 dislocations of the native femoral head on the allograft; one aseptic prosthetic dislodgement, and 2 deep infections. All patients had free intraoperative borders. Conclusions: Acetabular reconstructions after oncologic resection for malignant bone tumors seem to provide good functional outcomes. However, only selected cases should undergo surgeries associated with a high complication rate.

Evaluación del gel antiadherencial post quirúrgico: hialuronato de sodio más carboximetilcelulosa y alginato / Evaluation of post-surgical antiadherence gel: sodium hyaluronate plus carboxymethylcellulose and alginate

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: Las adherencias son bandas de tejido similar el tejido cicatricial que se forman entre superfícies dentro del organismo y hacen que estas se unan. Se forman más frecuentemente en el abdomen y pelvis después de cirugias intestinales o de los órganos femeninos, estas producen diversar molestias como distención o hinchazón abdominal, estreñimiento, náuseas y vomitos, incluso dolor pélvico intenso y crónico. Las adherencias son parte de un proceso fisiopatológico desencadenado o en respuesta al corte, isquemia, abrasión del peritoneo durante la cirugia. Las zonas alteradas sufren de regeneración mesotelial y fibrosis resultando en la formación de adherencias entre los tejidos serosos dañados. Las adherencias pueden tener un efecto beneficioso, ya que permite neovscularización de zonas isquémicas del intestino, tales como en las anastomosis, pero generalmente ocasionan probelmas cuando se vuelven excesivas. Las adherencias son la principal causa de obstrucción intestinal que causa el 70% de readmisiones hospitalarias. El hialuronato de sodio más carboximetilcelulosa, es descrito como un agente antiadherente no tóxico, no inmunogénico y biocompatible que reduce la incidencia y extensión de las adherencias postoperatorias. Compuesto de hialuronato de sodio y carboximetilcelulosa está modificado químicamente para retardar su tasa de degradación y deputación después de entrar en contato con el organismo. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad del uso del Gel Antiadherencial Post quirúrgico. Se seleccionaron artículos científicos: evaluación de tecnologías santiarias, revisiones sistemáticas, met-análisis y ensayos clínicos. Se realizó una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tencologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library y The National Institute for Health and Care Excelence (NICE). Además, se hizo una búsqueda en www.clinicaltrials.gov, para poder identificar ensayos aún en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados. CONCLUSIONES: Las investigaciones publicadas hasta marzo del 2016 son insuficientes para poder determinar la eficacia y seguridad del gel antiadherencial postquirúrgico (hialuronato de sodio más carboximetilcelulosa). Los resultados de los estudios preclínicos son discordantes con los ensayos clínicos realizados posteriomente. El Instituto de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, no aprueba el uso del gel antiadherencial en sus presentaciones: (hialuronato de sodio más carboximetilcelulosa, alginato o la combinación de hialuronato de sodio más carboximetilcelulosa y alginato; para la reducción de adherencias abdominlaes y pélvicas.